摘要:正zheng是shi因yin為wei目mu前qian中zhong國guo垃la圾ji焚fen燒shao煙yan氣qi處chu理li技ji術shu還hai不bu夠gou完wan善shan,在zai焚fen燒shao時shi會hui產chan生sheng大da量liang的de汙wu染ran物wu,很hen多duo垃la圾ji焚fen燒shao發fa電dian廠chang都dou開kai始shi探tan索suo超chao低di排pai放fang控kong製zhi技ji術shu。本ben文wen重zhong點dian針zhen對dui發fa電dian廠chang煙yan氣qi超chao低di排pai放fang技ji術shu進jin行xing分fen析xi,以yi便bian為wei後hou期qi煙yan氣qi排pai放fang技ji術shu的de應ying用yong提ti供gong有you效xiao的de參can考kao性xing意yi見jian。
關鍵詞:垃圾焚燒發電廠;煙氣超低排放;控製措施
引言
suizhewoguochengshigongyehuajinchengzhubujiakuai,gexinggeyedouqudelekuaisudefazhan,danshicishikongqizhongdewuranwuhuizaijiaoduandeshijianneideyizengjia,jineryoufagengduoxindekongqizhiliangwenti。weilai,chaodipaifangyijingchengweilegexinggeyefazhandeyigezhongyaoqushihemubiao。zaiyixiejingjijiaoweifadadediqu,difangzhengfuyehuizhenduilajifenshasongzhidinggengweiyangedeyaoqiu。zaicibeijingxia,benwenzhuyaofenxifenshaofadianchangkongzhiyanqipaifangdecuoshi。
1.垃圾焚燒發電廠的煙氣特性
多數垃圾焚燒發電廠的煙氣主要是由氧氣、二氧化碳、氮氣組成,這幾種其他占據煙氣總體容積的90%以上。垃圾焚燒過程中會有很多多變的因素,更會在燃燒時產生諸多有害物質。一般而言,煙氣具有一定的獨特性:第一,煙氣內部的濕氣含量較大;第二,煙氣中含有諸多有毒有害的成分,內部也會有很多不同類型的微量金屬,所以從構成看,煙氣自身的成分是非常複雜的;第三,煙氣自身的粘度較高,具有超高的耐磨性和耐衝擊性。
2.垃圾焚燒發電廠煙氣處理技術
2.1脫酸處理技術
目前諸多生活垃圾焚燒發電廠主要采用的脫酸處理工藝重點是由半幹法、濕shi法fa以yi及ji兩liang種zhong方fang法fa的de結jie合he。其qi中zhong半ban幹gan法fa重zhong點dian融rong合he了le其qi他ta兩liang種zhong不bu同tong工gong藝yi的de有you點dian,成cheng分fen內nei部bu氫qing氧yang化hua鈣gai的de火huo星xing會hui隨sui著zhe濕shi度du的de增zeng加jia而er不bu斷duan地di增zeng加jia,所suo以yi在zai運yun用yong半ban幹gan法fa時shi一yi定ding要yao注zhu意yi保bao證zheng內nei部bu的de濕shi度du[1]。相比於其他技術,半幹法確實可以更好地提升脫酸的整體效率,而且使用工藝時的設備顯得較為簡單,幾乎不需要耗費多少成本。
2.2脫硝處理工藝
脫硝處理工藝也是焚燒生活垃圾時最常用的處理技術,目前中國多數垃圾焚燒發電廠會靈活運用脫硝技術,又被寫做SNCR工藝。如果爐膛內部的溫度介於850-950之間時,其脫硝的效率可以被控製在40%。但是脫硝工藝自身的效率較低,鍋爐內部很容易存在汙垢,也容易在較短的時間內被腐蝕。
xiangbishangwenjiangshudetuosuangongyi,tuoxiaogongyidexiaolvgenggao,duoshucunzaiyuzhuangzhineibudefanyingqihuicunzaiyuchuchenxitongneibu。youyinweiyanqidewenduxiandejiaogao,suoyizaiyunyongtuoxiaogongyishixuyaozhuyiduofangmiandeyaoqiu[2]。有(you)一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)生(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)焚(fen)燒(shao)電(dian)廠(chang)內(nei)部(bu)可(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)脫(tuo)酸(suan)工(gong)藝(yi)和(he)脫(tuo)硝(xiao)工(gong)藝(yi)更(geng)好(hao)地(di)結(jie)合(he)在(zai)一(yi)起(qi),從(cong)而(er)更(geng)好(hao)地(di)提(ti)升(sheng)脫(tuo)硝(xiao)的(de)效(xiao)率(lv)。但(dan)是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)生(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)垃(la)圾(ji)種(zhong)類(lei)普(pu)遍(bian)較(jiao)為(wei)繁(fan)雜(za),所(suo)以(yi)這(zhe)兩(liang)種(zhong)煙(yan)氣(qi)處(chu)理(li)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)水(shui)平(ping)也(ye)沒(mei)有(you)達(da)到(dao)最(zui)佳(jia)。
3.煙氣超低排放改造技術
可以采用如下三種技術來改造煙氣超低排放技術
3.1脫硝技術
在zai運yun用yong脫tuo銷xiao技ji術shu之zhi後hou,係xi統tong內nei部bu催cui化hua劑ji的de填tian裝zhuang層ceng數shu會hui不bu斷duan地di改gai變bian。在zai實shi際ji改gai造zao時shi一yi定ding要yao直zhi接jie裝zhuang填tian原yuan有you的de備bei用yong層ceng。在zai改gai造zao之zhi後hou,整zheng個ge係xi統tong內nei部bu的de脫tuo硝xiao率lv可ke以yi得de以yi大da幅fu度du提ti升sheng。目mu前qian所suo使shi用yong的de脫tuo硝xiao技ji術shu也ye確que實shi可ke以yi更geng好hao地di滿man足zu排pai放fang的de要yao求qiu。
3.2脫硫技術
脫硫裝置出口二氧化硫的濃度與煤炭的質量、脫tuo硫liu裝zhuang置zhi效xiao率lv和he其qi他ta因yin素su密mi切qie相xiang關guan,隻zhi有you通tong過guo合he理li地di控kong製zhi煤mei炭tan內nei部bu的de含han硫liu量liang才cai能neng夠gou在zai第di一yi時shi間jian降jiang低di裝zhuang置zhi的de負fu荷he,從cong而er控kong製zhi二er氧yang化hua硫liu的de排pai放fang效xiao率lv[3]。目前,包括雙托盤技術、增強噴淋層、xingnengzengqianghuanheqitabutongdejishudoushichaodipaifangneidexinjishu。keyitongguozengjiayizuoxishoutalaizhijiegaijintuoliuxitongdejiegou。zaishijigaijinzhihou,tuoliuxiaolvyidukeyichaoguo90%。
3.3除塵技術
多數除塵技術都是可以滿足發電廠超低排放的難點和要求的。在運用除塵技術時可以遵循如下幾點措施:第di一yi,通tong過guo運yun用yong煙yan氣qi冷leng卻que或huo者zhe加jia熱re裝zhuang置zhi來lai將jiang靜jing電dian除chu塵chen器qi入ru口kou的de煙yan氣qi溫wen度du控kong製zhi在zai合he理li的de範fan圍wei內nei,煙yan氣qi中zhong存cun在zai的de大da部bu分fen三san氧yang化hua硫liu會hui直zhi接jie在zai在zai煙yan道dao中zhong冷leng卻que並bing直zhi接jie吸xi附fu在zai粉fen塵chen的de表biao麵mian,最zui終zhong才cai能neng夠gou更geng好hao地di提ti升sheng除chu塵chen的de效xiao率lv。第di二er,可ke以yi通tong過guo運yun用yong濕shi式shi除chu塵chen技ji術shu來lai讓rang多duo數shu排pai放fang的de粉fen塵chen都dou能neng夠gou符fu合he國guo家jia的de要yao求qiu,事shi實shi證zheng明ming,在zai加jia裝zhuang了le合he適shi的de除chu塵chen裝zhuang置zhi之zhi後hou確que實shi取qu得de了le較jiao好hao的de應ying用yong效xiao果guo。
4.垃圾焚燒超低排放改造中存在的局限性
雖然上文介紹了集中垃圾焚燒超低排放的方法,但是中國目前使用的垃圾焚燒煙氣淨化工藝主要包括活性炭噴射、budaichuchenheqiutianbutongleixingdejishu。yidingyaogenjuyanqizhongcunzaidedanhuawuheyanghuawucainenggoubaozhenglajifenshaofadianchangpaifangdeyanqinenggoufuheguojiaguidingdebiaozhun。danshixianjieduanwoguolajifenshaochaodipaifanggaizaozhongrengrancunzaizhejiaoduodejuxianxing,suiranleisiHCLdegongyinenggoubiaoxianchujiaoqiangdetuosuanxiaoguo,danshiruguozhishicaiyongshifatuosuandegongyizihuichanshengjiaoduodefeishui,biyaoshixuyaozailajifenshaodeguochengzhongpeizhiheshidefeishuichulishebei。danshiruguoyinrulezhexieshebeijiuhuishidetuosuangongyidechangdimianjijiaoda,yunxingchengbenjiaogao,genghuirangjixieneibucunzaijiaoduodebuliangwuzhi。
zaifenshaolajishihuichanshengjiaoduodefenchenwuzhi,ruguozhijiejiangcuihuajijiarushengmeiqineibuziranhuishidexitongzaiyunzhuanzhongchuxiandusaiwenti。youyinweizaifenshaolajizhongsuochanshengdeliuhuawuhelvhuaqinghuizaidiyishijianjiangdicuihuajizishendehuoxing,suoyixuyaojiangcuihuajihaiyuanzhuangzhizhijiebuzhizaituosuanhechuchenxitongneibu,bingzhijiecaiyongdiwenxingdecuihuajijinxinggaizao。
在改造時,如果煙氣自身的濕度過大就會直接對催化劑自身的活性產生影響,最終使得整個係統無法正常運行[4]。在運用超低煙氣排放技術時注意將環境內部的溫度控製在200攝(she)氏(shi)度(du),並(bing)注(zhu)意(yi)先(xian)觀(guan)察(cha)催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)反(fan)應(ying),以(yi)免(mian)產(chan)生(sheng)新(xin)的(de)有(you)害(hai)物(wu)質(zhi)。在(zai)發(fa)生(sheng)反(fan)映(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)對(dui)溫(wen)度(du)進(jin)行(xing)有(you)效(xiao)地(di)調(tiao)整(zheng),如(ru)果(guo)一(yi)旦(dan)溫(wen)度(du)接(jie)近(jin)300dushijiuhuishengchengyouduwuzhi,zuizhonghuigengduodiyingxiangyanqijinghuadexiaoguo。shangshudeyixiliefenxidoukeyibiaomingzhongguolajifenshaofadianyanqigaizaoguochengzhongqueshicunzaizheyidingdejuxianxing,youguanrenyuanxuyaolinghuoyunyongtuoliuhetuosuanchuligongyicainenggougenghaoditishengjinghuaxiaoguo。
5.結束語
zongshangsuoshu,suizhezhongguoduihuanbaoyijiyanqipaifangbiaozhuntichulegenggaodeyaoqiu,gengduodelajifenshaodianchangdouyijingkaishiguangfanyingyongyanqipaifangjishu。benwenzaijutifenxilejizhongyanqipaifangjishuzhihoufenxilezhezhongjishuneibudejuxianxing。weilai,gengduoderengengxuyaocongyuantoushangjinxinglajifenleidejichushanglaigenghaoditishengtuosuandexiaolv,zheyangbujinkeyijiangdilajichulidechengben,gengkeyitishengqiyingyongxiaolv。





